Cairo, Egypt – Zeinab was fleeing war-torn Sudan’s capital to seek safety when she found herself pinned to the ground, a rifle to her chest, as a paramilitary fighter raped her.

‘I was sure we were about to die,’ she told AFP, recounting how she, her younger sister and two other women, one with an infant daughter, were all sexually violated.

Dozens of women have reported similar attacks – in their homes, by the roadside and in commandeered hotels – since the war erupted in mid-April between the army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces.

A month into the war, said Zeinab, the women were fleeing Khartoum when their minibus was stopped at an RSF checkpoint.

Terrified, they were marched into a warehouse where a man ‘in civilian clothes who seemed to be their commander’ ordered Zeinab to the ground, she said.

‘I was pinned down by one man while the other raped me,’ she told AFP. ‘When he was done, they switched. They wanted to keep my sister with them. I begged them on my hands and knees to let her go.’

The women were eventually allowed to leave and escaped to Madani, 200 kilometers away, where they reported the attack to police and went to a hospital.

When Zeinab later recounted their ordeal, she had found refuge in another country.

‘We’re not the first people this has happened to, or the last,’ she said.

Sudan’s war has claimed at least 1,800 lives and displaced more than 1.5 million people.

Smoke billows from a fire at a lumber warehouse in southern Khartoum amidst ongoing fighting on June 7, 2023.

The horrors of the conflict have been compounded by a wave of sexual violence, say survivors, medics and activists who spoke to AFP.

Most have requested anonymity or, like Zeinab, used a pseudonym for fear of reprisals against them and others.

Both Sudan’s army chief, General Abdel-Fattah Burhan, and the RSF, led by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, have accused their enemies of such attacks.

And human rights lawyer Jehanne Henry said that indeed both sides have committed ‘notorious acts of sexual violence’ in the past.

The governmental Combating Violence Against Women and Children Unit documented 49 assaults in the first two weeks of the war.

In all but six cases, survivors identified perpetrators ‘in RSF uniform,’ said unit chief Sulaima Ishaq al-Khalifa, adding that there are ‘new reports night and day.’

‘There is not a single woman in Khartoum now who feels safe, not even in her own home,” al-Khalifa said.

The worst fighting has raged in Khartoum and the Darfur region, where former dictator Omar al-Bashir once unleashed the notorious Janjaweed militia from which the RSF emerged.

In their scorched-earth campaign since 2003, they committed genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, including rape, according to the International Criminal Court.

Now mass rapes are again being reported in Darfur, said Adjaratou Ndiaye, the U.N. Women representative in Sudan.

Documented cases, like wider casualty counts, are likely ‘the tip of the iceberg,’ said a Sudanese Women Rights Action group researcher.

Medics say many victims receive no care as hospitals have been ransacked or destroyed.

Many cases have been reported by civil society groups known as resistance committees, which long campaigned for democracy.

A lawyer who has long documented sexual assaults by security forces, said the scourge now impacts ‘every segment of Sudanese society.’

‘We have seen the rape of young girls and old women, mothers with their children,’ she said, adding that to the perpetrators ‘it doesn’t matter.’

Amid dire shortages, health workers have struggled to provide HIV medication or emergency contraceptives.

‘The situation is catastrophic,’ said a member of the Central Committee of Sudanese Pharmacists.

Activists and medics are trying to document every attack. The aim, said the lawyer, is ‘to ensure there is no impunity.’

Zeinab hopes the rapists will one day face justice but voices resignation.

‘I shared my testimony to try and stop this happening to others, to tell them the road isn’t safe,’ she said. ‘But even when I filed the police report, I knew nothing would come of it. They’re never going to get the men who did this.’